Month: March 2025

Struct group multiple items of mixed data types. Elements are named instead of order as defined in tuple.

Defining struct

struct Language{
    name: String,
    stable_version: f32,
    launched_year: i32
}

{ 
    let mut pro_langauge = Language{
        name: String::from("Rust"),
        stable_version: 1.84,
        launched_year: 2012
    };

    println!("Programming language {} current version is {} and launched on {}", 
    pro_langauge.name, 
    pro_langauge.stable_version, 
    pro_langauge.launched_year);

    pro_langauge.name = String::from("java");
    println!("Programming language is {:?}", pro_langauge);
}

Output

Programming language Rust current version is 1.84 and launched on 2012
Programming language is Language { name: "java", stable_version: 1.84, launched_year: 2012 }

Struct managed in memory

Struct Clone

Struct clone is possible using clone() method. Will take the above example to clone the struct instance.

    let pro_langauge_rust = Language{
        name: String::from("Rust"),
        stable_version: 1.84,
        launched_year: 2012
    };

    let pro_langauge_java = Language{
        name: String::from("Java"),
        ..pro_langauge_rust
    };

    println!("Programming language {} current version is {} and launched on {}", 
    pro_langauge_rust.name, 
    pro_langauge_rust.stable_version, 
    pro_langauge_rust.launched_year);
    
    println!("Programming language is {:?}", pro_langauge_java);

Here some of the fields are copied from the other instance using .. notation and the name for the new instance is different.

Output

Programming language Rust current version is 1.84 and launched on 2012
Programming language is Language { name: "Java", stable_version: 1.84, launched_year: 2012 }

You cannot copy eveything from the previous instance to the new instance as this breaks the rule oif Rust of having a single variable with same data. For this a clone() method is used.

let pro_langauge_rust = Language{
        name: String::from("Rust"),
        stable_version: 1.84,
        launched_year: 2012
    };
 let pro_langauge_java = Language{
        ..pro_langauge_rust
    };

Here all the data of the variable pro_langauge_rust is trying to copy to pro_langauge_java gives an error.

Use clone method

let pro_langauge_rust = Language{
        name: String::from("Rust"),
        stable_version: 1.84,
        launched_year: 2012
    };

    let pro_langauge_java = Language{        
        ..pro_langauge_rust.clone()
    };

    println!("Programming language {} current version is {} and launched on {}", 
    pro_langauge_rust.name, 
    pro_langauge_rust.stable_version, 
    pro_langauge_rust.launched_year);
    
    println!("Programming language is {:?}", pro_langauge_java);

Output

Programming language Rust current version is 1.84 and launched on 2012
Programming language is Language { name: "Rust", stable_version: 1.84, launched_year: 2012 }

Struct Methods

Subroutine associated with a struct and the first parameter is a reference to the struct instance. It is declared same as funciton using fn keyword.

In the below example the struct method is implemeted using imp keyword. The method takes the reference to the instance i.e. self. This method is called on the Struct instance in main block.

// Implementation of Struct
impl Language{
    fn get_name(&self) -> &str
    {
        &self.name
    }    
}

fn main() {
    let pro_langauge_rust = Language{
        name: String::from("Rust"),
        stable_version: 1.84,
        launched_year: 2012
    };

    let pro_langauge_java = Language{        
        ..pro_langauge_rust.clone()
    };
 
    let language_name = pro_langauge_rust.get_name();
    println!("Language name is {:?}", language_name);
}

Update the Struct instance

To update make the struct instance mutable with mut keyword. Implement the method to update in Struct implementaion.

See the update_version method and how is called from the main block

impl Language{
    fn get_name(&self) -> &str
    {
        &self.name
    }    

    fn update_version(&mut self, version: f32){
        self.stable_version = version;
    }
}

 let mut pro_langauge_rust = Language{
        name: String::from("Rust"),
        stable_version: 1.84,
        launched_year: 2012
};

let language_name = pro_langauge_rust.get_name();
println!("Language name is {:?}", language_name);

pro_langauge_rust.update_version(1.85);
println!("Latest version {:?}", pro_langauge_rust.stable_version);

Output

Language name is "Rust"
Latest version 1.85

Associated Functions/Constructor

Functions associated with a struct data type. They are similar to methods but functions does not have a self input parameter. So we cannot use an associated function to reference the data from whithin a specific instance of a struct.

Mainly associated functions in Struct are used as a constructor to build a new instance of a Struct. See below example a new function with the name parameter and return the instance of Struct. The instance of Struct is created in main block.

impl Language{
    fn get_name(&self) -> &str
    {
        &self.name
    }    

    fn update_version(&mut self, version: f32){
        self.stable_version = version;
    }

    fn new(name: &str) -> Language{
        Language { name: String::from(name), stable_version: 0.0, launched_year: 0000 }
    }
}

{
    let mut pro_langauge_rust = Language::new("Rust");

    let language_name = pro_langauge_rust.get_name();
    println!("Language name is {:?}", language_name);

    pro_langauge_rust.update_version(1.85);
    println!("Latest version {:?}", pro_langauge_rust.stable_version);
}

Output

Language name is "Rust"
Latest version 1.85

Tuple Structs

Tuple Structs – Store a collection of mixed data without named fields but just the datatype of the field. They are distinguished as a unique data type.

struct Color(u8,u8,u8);

{
    let color = Color(255,0,0,);
    println!("First value in tuple struct is {}", color.0);
}

Output

First value in tuple struct is 255